现在完成时 用法 1 表示动作发生在过去，不持续到现在，但对现在有影响。还可用来表示同一个动作到现在为止 发生的次数。 (have/has 是助动词，帮助构成疑问句和否定句) 结构：主语+have/has+done+其它 have not = haven't; has not = hasn't） （缩写： have = 've; has = 's eg：I have（Ｉ've） seen the film. 我看过这部电影了。（我对电影的内容已经了解） eg: -Have you seen the film? - Yes, I have./ No, I haven't. eg: He has（he's） posted the letter. 他把信邮出去了。(信已经不在这儿了) eg: He hasn't posted the letter. 他还没把信寄出去。 eg: I have seen the movie three times. 我看过三次这个电影。 区别：现在完成时和一般过去时。现在完成时和一般过去时都是说过去的事情。但现在完成时不强调事 情的本身，而是强调事情与现在保持的某种密切的联系，即对现在产生的影响。 一般过去时只表示发生在过去的动作或事情，不强调对现在产生的影响。 eg：He 's bought the book. 他买了这本书。（现在他还有这本书） eg：He bought the book. 他买了这本书。（不强调他现在还有没有这本书） ※当有一个表示过去某一特定时间的时间状语时，要使用一般过去时。 eg: I went to his home yesterday. 标志性副词： 1. already “已经”，多用于肯定句，放在 have/has 后，done 之前。在否定句和疑问句 中，already 要变成 yet(常用于句末)。 eg: I've already had lunch.我已经吃过午饭了。 eg：Have you had lunch yet? 你已经吃过午饭了吗？ eg: Sally has already finished her homework. Sally 已经完成作业了。 eg: Sally hasn't finished her homework yet. Sally 还没完成作业。  yet 用在疑问句中译成“已经” ；用在否定句中译成“还没，还未”  already 也可用于一般疑问句中，放在句末，表示惊讶，怀疑的语气。 eg: Have you had lunch already? It is only 11:00.你已经吃过午饭了？刚 11 点。 2. just “刚刚”， 放在 have/has 后，done 之前。 eg: I have just swept the floor.我刚扫完地。 区别：just now“刚才”表示过去的时间状语，用于过去时，常置于句末。 eg: Where were you just now? 刚才你在哪里？ 了解：just now 还有“就是现在”的意思，用于现在进行时。 3.ever“曾经”和 never“从没”（可以用于一般现在时，也可以用于现在完成时） eg: I have never seen the movie.我从未看过这部电影。 eg: I never play computer games.我从不玩电子游戏。 eg：Have you ever heard of the song? 你曾经听过这首歌吗？ 注意: ever 用于疑问句时,其答语中不用 ever, 若否定则用 never.　　　 eg：-Have you ever heard the song? -Yes, I have．/ No, never． 常见的时间状语： 1.before：以前（单独使用，放句末） eg：I have never heard of the song before. 2.lately / recently: 最近 eg: I haven't seen her lately / recently. 3.so far : 至今 eg: I have read the book three times so far. 4.up to now / up till now: 到现在为止 eg: Up to now, he has lived here for two years. 到现在为止，他已经在这儿住两年了。 5.in / during the past /last few years: 在过去的几年中 eg：My hometown has changed a lot in the past few years. 我的家乡在过去的几年里变 化很大。 █ have been to ,have gone to , have been in 的用法 1.have been to 去过…(人已回) 2. have gone to 去了…(人未回) 3. have been in 在…(多长 时间) eg: I have been to Beijing twice. 我去过北京两次。 eg: Have you ever been to Beijing ? 你去过北京吗？ eg：-Where is Tom? Tom 在哪里？ - He has gone to the library. 他去图书馆了。 eg: He has been in America for many years. 他在美国呆了很多年。 用法 2 表示动作发生在过去，这个动作持续了一段时间，一直持续到现在。 结构一：主语 + have/has done ....+ for + 时间段 eg: I have worked here for 3 years. 我在这儿工作 3 年了。 eg：Have you worked here for 3 years? 你在这儿工作 3 年了吗？ 结构二：主语 + have/has done ....+ since + 时间点（过去的时间） / 过去时的句子 eg: I have worked here since 2013. 自从 2013 年我就在这儿工作。 eg: I haven't eaten anything since I got up. 自从起床到现在我什么都没吃。 * for + 时间段 = since + 时间段 + ago eg: I have worked here since 3 years ago. 自从 3 年前我就在这儿工作。 = I have worked here for 3 years. 我在这儿工作 3 年了。 eg: I have worked here since I came back to China.自从我回到中国就在这里工作。 现在完成时常用句型 1. It is/has been 时间段 since ..... 或 一段时间 has passed since..... Eg: It is/ It's/ It has been 3 years since I left my hometown. = Three years has passed since I left my hometown. 练一练： 自从我回到中国已经 10 年。______________________________________________________ 2. It is the first/second....time that ＋ 现在完成的句子 Eg: It is the third time that I have met him. 这是我第三次遇见那个人。 练一练： Eg:__________________________________________________. 这是他第三次结婚。 3. 主语＋ be 动词＋ the 形容词最高级＋名词单数＋that＋现在完成时句子 eg: This is the most interesting movie that I have ever seen. Eg: Ellen is the most beautiful teacher that has ever taught me. 练一练： 这是我听过的最好听的歌。__________________________________________________________ 瞬间动词和延续性动词 动词可以分为两类：瞬间动词/非延续性动词/短暂性动词，指动作一发生就结束，不能持续下去。所以 这种动词后面不能跟表示一段时间的时间状语。如： come, arrive, finish, stop, leave, go, get, die, marry, begin, get to, get up，buy, borrow 等。 延续性动词表示一种延续性的动作。后面可以跟表示一段时间的时间状语。如： work, live, study , sleep, wait, watch, eat, play 等。 X eg: I have borrowed the book for 3 weeks. borrow 是瞬间动词。 √ eg: I have kept the book for 3 weeks. Keep 是延续性动词。 X eg: He has left for 2 hours. Leave 是瞬间动词。 √ eg: He has been away for 2 hours. be away 表示不在的状态，可以和段时间连用。 X eg: How long have you bought the bike? How long 不能用于提问瞬间动词。 √ eg: How long have you had the bike? X eg: She has married Tom for two years. √ eg: She has been married to Tom for two years. X eg: My father got up since 5 o'clock. √ eg: My father has been up since 5 o'clock. 瞬间动词和延续性动词的转换 buy→had borrow→keep put on→wear begin→be on leave→be away leave sp→be away from sp join→be in died→be dead arrive in/at, get to, reach, come to,