8BUs7-8Grammar 被动语态 一、时态语态： ★ “时态”表示一个动词在不同的时间内发生的动作或存在的状态，需要用不同的动词 形式表示。在英语语法中，“时”指动作发生的时间，“态”指动作的样子和状态。 ★“语态”是动词的一种形式，表示的是主语和谓语之间的关系。英语中的 语态有两种：主动语态(the Active Voice)和被动语态(the Passive Voice)。 ★ 主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，指主语在不同的时间内发生的动作或存在的状 态，即各种时态。如： Many people speak English. （人 Many people 执行“说”speak 这一动作） He opened the door.（He 执行“打开”opened 这一动作） We can repair this watch in two days.（We 执行“修理”repair 这一动作） ★ 被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式，一般说来，只有需要动作对象的及物动词才有被 动语态。 汉语被动语态：汉语往往用"被"、"受"、"给"等被动词来表示被动意义。 英语被动语态：由“助动词+及物动词的过去分词”构成。被动语态的时态变化只改变助 动词的形式，过去分词部分不变。疑问式和否定式的变化也如此。所以，语态的改变意味 着句子的改变。 助动词定义：辅助、协助动词一起构成时态，语态，语气，疑问，否定，强调等；其 本身无实际意义。常见助动词有：be 动词，do，have，will，情态动词等。下面主要分 析一下被动语态。 ★被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。例如： English is spoken by many people. （主语“英语 English”是动作“说 speak”的承受者， 即英语被说。） The door was opened by him.（“门”被打开。） This watch can be repaired by us in two days.（“表”被修理。） ★什么情况下用被动语态？ 当我们不知道谁是动作的执行者, 或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者, 或者只需强 调动作的承受者时, 要用被动语态。 被动语态用法口诀 谁做的动作不知道,说出谁做的没必要. 突出承受者或礼貌，用被动语态错不了。 For example: This jacket is made of cotton.(不知道) Many trees must be planted every year.（没必要） She was asked to sing a song yesterday.(表突出) 二、被动语态的结构： ★被动语态的肯定结构： 主语+助动词(be/can/will/have---) + done(过去分词) + (by---) ★被动语态的否定结构： 主语+助动词(be/can/will/have---)+ not + done(过去分词) + (by---) ★被动语态的疑问结构： 助动词(be/can/will/have---)+主语+ done(过去分词) + (by---) 回答: Yes, 主语(代词)+--No, 主语(代词)+--- not 三、各种时态的被动语态： ★肯定句结构： 1.一般现在时的被动语态(肯定句)：am/is/are + done (过去分词) 1.)People play football all over the world. Football is played all over the world by people . 2.) Mr. Green teaches us this term. We are taught (by Mr. Green) this term. 2.一般过去时的被动语态(肯定句) : was/were + done (过去分词) 1.)People built the Great Wall long ago. The Great Wall was built (by people) long ago. 2.)Two years ago we used the machines to make shoes for children. Two years ago those machines were used (by us) to make shoes for children. 3.一般将来时的被动语态(肯定句) ：will / be going to + be + done (过去分词) 1.)We will write a diary next class. A diary will be written (by us) next class. 2.)Tom is going to hold a birthday party. A birthday party is going to be held by Tom. 4.含情态动词的被动语态(肯定句) ：can/may/must/could 等 + be +done (过去分词) 1.)You must throw the broken pottery['pɒt(ə)rɪ](陶器) away at once. The broken pottery must be thrown away (by you) at once. 2.)We have to finish our homework on time. Our homework has to be finished (by us) on time . 5.现在完成时的被动语态(肯定句) ：have / has +been +done (过去分词) 1.)Jim has finished the work. =The work __has been finished__by Jim. 2.)Many bridges _________ over the river since liberation. (D) A. are built B. Have built C. built D. have been built ★句型转换： ★改为一般疑问句，只要将主语后第一个助动词提前（注意人称或数的变化），句子 后加？就可以了。回答：Yes, 主语(代词)+--…. No, 主语(代词)+--- not. ★改为特殊疑问句（对画线提问），仍然是一代二提三改四问号。 ★改为否定句，只要在主语后第一个助动词后面加 not 即可（常缩写）。 例如：They grow flowers in spring. (改为被动句) →Flowers are grown (by them) in spring. →Flowers are not grown (by them) in spring.(否定句) →Are flowers grown (by them) in spring?（一般疑问句） Yes,they are. （肯定回答） No, they aren’t. （否定回答） → When are flowers grown (by them) ? （划线部分提问） 知识拓展： ◆含有感使类动词主动句变被动句： I.感官动词，使役动词, help ---—— 不定式前添加 to 口诀:感使动词真奇怪，to 去 to 来令人猜。主动语态 to 离去，被动语态 to 回来。 For example: He makes the workers work 12 hours a day → The workers are made to work 12 hours a day by him. 常见的感使类动词有：feel, hear ,listen to, see, watch,look at, make … 1.)The boss made the workers work all day. → The workers were made to work all day by the boss. 2.)I often hear her sing in the room. →She is often heard to sing in the room by me. 3.)We saw some boys play football . →Some boys were seen to play football by us . 4.)We saw some boys playing football . →Some boys were seen playing football by us . ◆主动语态是双宾语变被动语态： II. 双宾语结构 —— 主语为物，添加 to/for 口诀：双宾主变被，最好变间宾。如要变直宾，be p.p.后面 to(for)跟。 For example: He gave me a book yestrday.→ I was given a book by him yesterday.（变间宾） A book was given to me by him yesterday.（变直宾） 1.)My father gave me a bike as a birthday present. =A bike ____ _____ _____ ______ as a birthday present. (was given to me) =I _____ _______ a bike as a birthday present. (was given) 2.) She bought me a pen yesterday. = I _____ _____ _____ ______ yesterday. (was bought a pen) =A pen______ ______ _____ ___yesterday. (was bought for me) 3.) My uncle sent me a Christmas present last year. =A Christmas present ___ ____ ____ me by my uncle last year. (was sent to) =I _____ _____ a Christmas present by my uncle last year. (was sent) ◆Ⅲ.短语动词 —— 要完整 The boy is often laughed at . (常受到嘲笑) The children should be looked after well .(应该得到良好的照顾)