外研版八年级英语下册重点语法专题复习资 料 内容 1. 现在完成时………………………………………………………… ……. ...2 2. 英语六大时态……………………………………………………… ……. ..6 3. 英 语 五 种 基 本 句 型 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …...10 4. 并列句…………………………………………………………… . …….. . 14 5. 宾语从句……………………………………………………………….. … 15 6. 练习答案……………………………………………………………….. … 19 （一）现在完成时 A. 表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去已经开始， 持续到现在的动作或状态。 【常用时间状语】 recently, lately, since+时间点 /从句 , for+时间段 , already, yet, ever, never, just, before, once, twice, so far, in the past/last few months/years 等连用。 【构成】 肯定形式：主语+have/has + done+其他。 　否定形式：主语+have/has + not +done+其他。 　一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+done+其他？ 特殊疑问句 ：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句（have/has+主语+done+其他）？ 如：Lingling has come back from China. → Lingling hasn’t come back from China. → Has Lingling come back from China? → Yes, she has. / No, she hasn’t. 【动词的过去分词的构成】 ① 一般在动词原形末尾直接加上-ed。如：look-looked。 　②以不发音的字母 e 结尾的动词，加-d。如：live-lived。 　③末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节，先双写这个辅音字母，再加-ed。 如：stop-stopped, trip-tripped, prefer-preferred, travel-travelled。 ④ 末尾是辅音字母+y 结尾的动词，先变 y 为 i，然后再加-ed。如：study-studied。 ★不规则动词的过去分词需特殊记忆(见课本不规则动词表)。 B.　现在完成时的用法 1）现在完成时所表示的动作在说话之前已完成，且对现在有影响。 eg. The car has arrived.　车子来了。（结果：车子已在门口） 　　　 Someone has broken the window.　有人把窗户打破了。（结果：窗户仍破着） 区别：have been to, have gone to, have been in have (has) been to +某地，表示到过某地，说明去过某地，说话时人已经回来了。(次 数) have (has) gone to +某地，说明去某地了，说话时人还没有回来。 have(has) been in+某地，表示在某地待了多久，可与表示一段的时间 连用。 如： She has been to Shanghai twice. 她去过上海两次。(表示目前人已经从上海回来) She has gone to Shanghai. 她去上海了。(表示现在人还在上海或者正在回来的路上) I have been in China for 5 years. 我在中国待了 5 年。 I have been there for 5 years. 我在那待了 5 年。 2）现在完成时所表示的动作开始于过去，持续到现在，也许还会持续下去。常用 for 和 since 表示一段时间的状语或 so far，now，today，this week (month，year)等表示包括现在时 间在内的状语。 　　eg. He has studied English for 5 years. 　　　 He has studied English since 2001. 　　　 Now I have finished the work. 注 意 ： 表 示 短 暂 时 间 动 作 的 词 ， 如 :come ， go ， die ， marry ， buy 等 的 完 成 时 不 能 与 for，since 等表示一段时间的词连用 。用来持续的动作或状态或表过去重复的动作，如 live，study，be，wait 等，常和 since 或 for 引导的词语连用。 如：I have lived here for more than thirty years.我已在此住了 30 多年。 C. 由非延续性动词到延续性动词的转换： 动词按其动作发生的方式、发生过程的长短可分为延续性动词与非延续性动词。 一、延续性动词表示能够延续的动作,如：learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay 等。延续性动词可以与表示时间段的状语连用。 表示时间段的短语有: for+一段时间 (for 2 years); since+从句 (since he came here); since+时间点名词 (since last year, since 5 days ago); how long; for a long time 等。 例: He has lived here for 6 years. You can keep the book for 5 days. I stayed there for 2 weeks last year. How long did you stay there last year? 二、非延续性动词也称终止性动词、瞬间动词,表示不能延续的动作,这种动作发生后立 即结束。 如:open, die, close, begin, finish, come, go, move, borrow, lend, buy 等。 非延续性动词在肯定句中与表示时间点的状语连用，如：two years ago; at 5 o'clock; 例: He died 5 years ago. 否定的终止性动词可以与表示时间段的时间状语连用。 例: I haven't left here for 3 years. I haven't heard from him for 3 weeks. 三、延续性动词与非延续性动词之间的转换： leave --- be away, begin/start --- be on, borrow --- keep, die --- be dead, buy --- have, finish --- be over, join --- be in+组织机构, be a member of+组织机构, open sth --- keep sth open, fall ill --- be ill, get up---be up, catch a cold --- have a cold, come here --- be here, go there --- be there, become --- be, come back --- be back, fall asleep --- be asleep, get to/ arrive/reach --- be (in), leave --- be away from, get to know --- know, go (get) out →be out， put on→ wear 等。 例:The old man died 4 years ago. ----The old man has been dead for 4 years. ---- It is/has been 4 years since the old man died. ----Four years has passed since the old man died. He joined the Party 2 years ago. -----He has been in the Party for 2 years. I bought the book 5 days ago. ---- I have had the book for 5 days. 现在完成时专项练习 （ ）1、Both his parents look sad. Maybe they ______what's happened to him. A. knew B. have known C. must know D. will know （ ）2、He has _______ been to Shanghai, has he ? A. already B. never C. ever D. still （ ）3、Have you met Mr Li ______? A. just B. ago C. before 　　D. a moment ago （ ）4、The famous writer _____ one new book in the past two years. A. is writing B. was writing C. wrote 　　D. has written （ ）5、—Our country ______ a lot so far . —Yes. I hope it will be even ______. A. has changed; well B. changed; good C. has changed; better D. changed; better （ ）6、Zhao Lan ______already ______in this school for two years . A. was; studying 　B. will; study C. has; studied D. are; studying （ ）7、We ______ Xiao Li since she was a little girl . A. know B. had known C. have known D. knew （ ）8、Harry Potter is a very nice film. I ______ it twice.