第四讲：准解题——推理判断题(于文有据不枉断) 推理判断题是阅读理解的另一重要题型，属于深层理解类试题，要求考生在理解原文 字面意义的基础上，通过对语篇逻辑关系及细节的分析，进行推理和判断，从而领会文章 的深层意义及隐含意义。要想正确地解答此类题型，必须深入词句间，根据上下文作出合 理的判断。现将一些常见的推理判断题归纳如下，旨在让考生掌握一些解题的技巧，从而 减少应考中的失误。 一、高考考什么——推理判断 3 (一)细节推理判断题 细节推理判断题要求考生根据语篇内容，推断具体细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、 人物身份、事件等。一般可根据短文提供的信息，或者借助生活常识进行推理判断。考生 只有正确把握文章的内在联系，理解文章的真正含义，才可能作出准确的推断。注意题干 中 常 用 的 六 个 动 词 ： infer ( 推 断 ), indicate ( 象 征 ， 暗 示 ), imply ( 暗 示 ), suggest ( 暗 示 ), conclude (得出结论)和 assume (假定，设想)。 该类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现： ·It can be inferred from the text that ________. ·Compared with other similar products, the new design ________. ·It can be concluded from the passage that ________. ·The writer/author indicates/suggests/implies that ________. (二)观点、态度推理判断题 1．文章的观点或结论推理判断题 此类试题问的不一定是全文的中心思想或作者的全文观点，可能只是文章中的某一观 点。但要推测文中某一观点，仍离不开对全文中心思想的把握，因为它们在语义上是紧密 相连的，次要的观点是支撑说明全文主要论点的。所以了解全文的主要观点或中心思想对 正确解答此类试题至关重要。 该类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现： ·What is the author’s opinion on ...? ·What does the author think about ...? ·From the passage we can conclude that ________. 2．作者态度、语气推理判断题 此类试题往往通过作者在文章里的措词、感情色彩表现出来，并常常用一些词汇进行 表 述 。 如 ： 褒 义 词 useful, interesting, admiring, positive 等 ； 贬 义 词 disappointed, critical, negative 等；中性词 indifferent, humorous, neutral 等。因此考生必须透过字里行间察其端倪， 以此作为前提进行推理。 该类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现： ·The attitude of the author towards somebody/something is ________. ·The author’s attitude towards ...can be best described as ________. ·The tone of this passage is best described as ________. (三)写作意图推理判断题 写作意图推理判断题要求考生根据文章的论述，揣测作者的写作意图及运用某种写作 手法的目的。作者一般不直接陈述自己的意图，而是通过文章所提供的事实，客观地使读 者信服某种想法或观点。这类题型不但要求考生能理解文章的大意，同时还要具备对作者 阐述问题的方法进行归纳总结和分析的能力。 该类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现： ·The main purpose of this text is ________. ·What’s the author’s purpose in writing this article? ·It can be concluded that the passage is mainly written for ________. ·The author writes this passage to ________. ·The author in this passage intends to ________. 二、题目怎么命——推理判断题 6 推理判断题是为了考查考生能否读懂文章中字里行间的隐含含义，能否以文章中所叙 述的事实为依据，经过自己的思考和判断进行客观的推理，从而得出结论。因此，命题者 为了达到这个考查目的，常常设置一些干扰项，没读懂文章的考生很容易受其 “迷惑”而“误 入歧途”，掉入命题者精心设置的“陷阱”。 选项背离了文章的主题思想。 [典例]　(2019·全国卷Ⅰ阅读 B) [1] For Canaan Elementary’s second grade in Patchogue, N ． Y., today is speech day, and right now it’s Chris Palaez’s turn.The 8yearold is the joker of the class.With shining dark eyes, he seems like the kind of kid who would enjoy public speaking. ... [5] Whaley got the idea of this secondgrade presidential campaign project when he asked the children one day to raise their hands if they thought they could never be a president.The answer broke his heart.Whaley says the project is about more than just learning to read and speak in public.He wants these kids to learn to boast (夸耀) about themselves. 26．We can infer that the purpose of Whaley’s project is to ________. A．help students see their own strengths B．assess students’ public speaking skills C．prepare students for their future jobs D．inspire students’ love for politics 分析：考生根据第一段的“With shining dark eyes, he seems like the kind of kid who would enjoy public speaking.”会误选 B“评价学生的公共演讲技能”，而本篇文章的主题主要讲述了 教师 Whaley 通过组织学生演讲来增强其自信的教学实践，B 项与此主题相悖。根据题干中 “Whaley’s project”应定位在第五段最后两句 “Whaley says the project is about more than just learning to read and speak in public.He wants these kids to learn to boast ( 夸 耀 ) about themselves.”由此可知，应选 A。 选项仅仅对原文事实进行简化复述，而非推断出来的。 [典例]　(2019·全国卷Ⅱ阅读 B) ... [4] Still, most of us volunteers breathe a sigh of relief when the season comes to a close.That relief is coupled with a deep understanding of why the same people keep coming back for more: Connecting to the community ( 社 区 ) as you freely give your time, money, skills, or services provides a real joy.Volunteering just feels so good. [5] In that sense, I’m pretty sure volunteering is more of a selfish act than I’d freely like to admit.However, if others benefit in the process, and I get some reward too, does it really matter where my motivation lies? 27．Why does the author like doing volunteer work? A．It gives her a sense of duty. B．It makes her very happy. C．It enables her to work hard. D．It brings her material rewards. 分析：考生根据第五段第二句“However, if others benefit in the process, and I get some reward too, does it really matter where my motivation lies？”会误选 D，而 D 项直接简单复述 了 原 文 “ I get some reward” 。 根 据 第 四 段 第 二 、 三 句 “ That relief is coupled with a deep understanding of why the same people keep coming back for more: Connecting to the community (社区) as you freely give your time, money, skills, or services provides a real joy.Volunteering just feels s