初中英语语法基础 句子结构与类型专题讲解 一. 句子的种类 (一) 根据结构划分: ① 简单句:(5 种基本句型) S+Vi(主+谓) S+V 系动词+ P (主+系+表) S+Vt+O(主+谓+宾) S+Vt+IO+DO(主+谓+间宾+直宾) S+Vt+O+OC(主+谓+宾+宾补) ②并列句 and, but, or, so This is me and these are my friends. They must stay in water, or they will die. It’s not cheap, but it is very good. It was late, so I went to bed. ③复合句:包含一个主句和一个或几个从句的句子叫复合句,从句由引导词或连词引导。 名词性从句(宾语,主语,表语,同位语) 从句 形容词性从句(定语从句) 副词性从句(状语从句) (二) 根据功能划分:陈述句, 祈使句, 感叹句,疑问句(一般疑问句,特殊疑问句, 选择疑问句,反意疑问句等) 1)陈述句:说明一个事实或陈述一种看法。例如:   Light travels faster than sound. 光比声传播速度快。(说明事实)   The film is rather boring. 这部电影很乏味。(说明看法) 2)疑问句:提出问题。有以下四种: 1   a. 一般疑问句:     Can you finish the work in time?   b. 特殊疑问句:     Where do you live?   c. 选择疑问句:     Do you want tea or coffee?   d. 反意疑问句:     He doesn't know her, does he? 3)祈使句:提出请求,建议或发出命令。    Don't be nervous! Let’s go fishing tomorrow. 4)感叹句:表示说话人惊奇、喜悦、愤怒等情绪。    What good news it is ! How beautiful the girl is ! 二.简单句的基本句型介绍: 1. 基本句型 一:S +V i (主+不及物动词) 主语:可以作主语的成分有名词,主格代词,动词不定式,动名词等等。主语一般在 句首。 谓语:谓语由动词构成,是英语时态、语态变化的主角,一般在主语之后。 不及物动词(vi.)没有宾语,形成主谓结构, 如:1.We │come. 2.The sun│rose. 此句型的句子有一个共同特点:即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫 做不及物动词,后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。 The pen writes │smoothly. (主语 谓语 副词) He runs │in the park. (主语 谓语 地点状语) 注意: 有些不及物动词后面加上介词就可把它看成一个及物动词,后面就可以加宾语了。 如:You must listen to me. 2. 基本句型 二: S + V系 + P (主+系+表) 此句型的句子有一个共同的特点:句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思,必 2 须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语,才能表达完整的意思。这类动 词叫做连系动词。 如:1. This │is │an English-Chinese dictionary. 2. The dinner │smells │good. 3. He │is growing │tall and strong. 4. Everything │looks │different. 5. His face │turned │red. 系动词主要是起到连系主语和表语的作用。 1.表 “是 ” 如:be“是”(am, is, are, was, were) 2.表 “感觉” 如:look 看起来,feel 感到,sound 听起来,smell 闻起来,seem 似乎 3.表 “变” 如:get 变得, turn 变得, grow 变得,go 变得, come 变得, become 成为 4.表 “保持” 如:keep 保持, stay 保持 There be 结构: 1、定义:There be 句型 表示某处存在某物或某人。 2、结构:(1) There is +单数可数名词/不可数名词+ 地点状语. (2) There are +复数名词+地点状语. 注意事项: There be 表示‘……存在有’。这里的 there 没有实际意义,there 是引导词, 在句中不充当任何成分。不可与副词“there 那里”混淆。句子的主语是某人或某物,谓语 动词 be 要与主语(某人或某物)的数保持一致。当主语是两个或两个以上的名词时,谓语 动词要与跟它最近的那个名词一致(就近原则)。如: ① There is a bird in the tree. 树上有一只鸟。 ② There is a teacher and many students in our classroom. 我们教室里有一位 老师和许多学生。 ③ There are two boys and a girl under the tree. 树下有两个男孩,一个女孩。 试比较:There is a boy there. (前一个 there 无实义,后一个 there 为副词‘那里’) 3 3. 基本句型 三: S + V t + O (主+及物+宾) 此句型句子的共同特点是: 谓语动词 都具有实义,都是主语产生的动作 , 但不能表达完整的意思, 必须跟有一个宾语 , 即动作的承受者,才能使意思完整。 这类动词叫做及物动词。 如:1. Who │knows │the answer? 2. He │admits │that he was mistaken. 3.He │said │"Good morning." 4. 基本句型 四: S + V t + IO + DO (主+及物+间宾+直宾) 有些及物动词可以有两个宾语, 这两个宾语通常一个指人 (间接宾语); 一个指物 (直接宾语)。 如:1.She │ordered │herself │a new dress. 2. He │brought │you │a dictionary. 3. I │showed │him │my pictures. 4. I │told │him │that the bus was late. 5. He │showed │me │how to run the machine. 5. 基本句型 五:S + V t + O + OC(主+及物+宾+宾补) 此句型的句子的共同特点是:动词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整 的意思,必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语,才能使意思完整。 宾语补足语:位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。可以用作宾语补足语的有: 名词,形容词,不定式,动名词,分词,介词短语等。 如:1. We │called │the boy │Jim. (名词) 2. They │painted │the door │green. (形容词) 3. They │found │the door │open. (形容词) 4 4. He │asked │me │to come back soon. (不定式) 5. I │saw │them │getting on the bus. (现在分词) 课堂练习:(分析下列句子成分和句型结构) 1. Our school is not far from my home. 3. All of us considered him honest. 5. He broke a piece of glass. 2. It is a great pleasure to talk with you 4. My grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes. 6. He made it clear that he would leave the city. 5 7. ---I love you more than her,child . 9. They pushed the door open. 8. Tees turn green when spring comes. 10. Grandma told me an interesting story last night. 11. He wrote carefully some letters to his friends. 12.All the students think highly of his teaching. 13. We need a place twice larger than this one. 14. He asked us to sing an English song. 15. Don't get nervous,help yourself to what you like. 17. He didn't come.That is why he didn't know. 16.We will make our school more beautiful. 18. She showed us her many of her pictures. 19. The old man lives a lonely life. 20. I’ll get my hair cut tomorrow. 21. The cars made in Japan are better than those in Germany. 22. There are so many people in the hall that it's hard for me to find him. 23. No matter how difficult the task may be, we must finish it this month. 24. Go back where you came from. 25. We must do whatever the people want us to do. 26. At last he got home, tired and hungry. 27. Would you please pass me the cup? 28 Mary handed her homework to the

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