定语从句 定语从句在复合句中作定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名次或代词即现行词。 定语从句通常出现在现行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。 关系代词有：which、that、who、whom 、whose 关系副词有：when 、where、 why 定语从句的引导词既起引导从句的作用，同时又担任从句的主语、宾语、定语 （whose）、和状语，在限制性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词可以省略，在非限制性定从 中不可省。 一、由 which、that 引导的定从，在从句中作主语、宾语，指物 The building which/that stands near the river is our school. I lost the book (which/that)you gave me. 二、由 who、whom、that、whose 在从句中主语、宾语、定语 This is the man who/that helped me. I don’t know the man (who/whom/that)you talked with. Nobody wants the house whose roof has fallen in. the roof of which has fallen in. of which the roof has fallen in. 三、使用关系副词应注意下列几点： 1. 关系副词在意义上都相当于一定的介词 + which 结构： when = on (in, at, during…) + which where = in (at, on…) + which why = for which I was in Beijing on the day when (= on which) he arrived. The office where (= in which) he works is on the third floor. This is the chief reason why (= for which) we did it. 2. 当先行词是表时间和表地点的词时，一定要注意分析从句的结构，如果缺少主语或宾语 时，关系词应该用 which 或 that; 缺少时间状语或地点状语时，才能用 when 或 where， I’ll never forget the day when my hometown was liberated. I’ll never forget the days which / that we spent together last summer. His father works in a factory where radio parts are made. His father works in a factory which / that makes radio parts. 3. when 和 where 既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。而 why 只 能引导限制性定语从句。 四、只用 that 的情形 1. 先行词是不定代词 all, (a)little, few, much,none, everything, something, anything, nothing,等 All that can be done has been done. In this factory I saw little / much that was different from ours. 2. 先行词被 all, any, no, much, little, few, every 等限定词所修饰时。 We heard clearly every word that he said 3. 先行词被形容词的最高级修饰时 This is the best film (that) I have ever seen. 4. 先行词被序数词修饰时 The first English novel (that) I read was A Tale of Two Cities. This train is the last that will go to Suzhou. 5. 先行词被 the only, the very 修饰时 The only thing that we can do is to give you some money. This is the very book (that ) I’ve been looking for. 6. 先行词既有人又有物时 Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about? 7. 当特殊疑问词由 who 或 which 引导时，为避免重复，常用 that 代替 who 或 which Who is the man that is standing by the door? Which is the dictionary (that) you bought yesterday? 8. 当先行词在主句中做表语，而关系代词也在从句中作表语 Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.. 五、“介词+which/whom”引导的定语从句 1. 当介词放在关系代词的前面时，介词宾语只用 which 或 whom ，关系代词不能省略 This is the house in which Shakespeare used to live. In the dark street, there wasn’t single person to whom she could turn for help. Recently I bought an ancient vase, the price of which was very reasonable. 2. “复合介词短语+关系代词 which”引导的定语从句，这种结构常与先行词用逗号分开， 定语从句常用倒装语序 He lived in a big house, in front of which stood a big tall tree. 3. 介词+which/whom +不定式结构 in which to live. The poor man has no house in which he can live. to live in. 4. 在一些固定搭配中（look for，take care of…）,介词不可以提前 This is the pen which I’m looking for. 六、关系代词 as，which 引导定语从句时的区别 1. As 与 which 都可以代指主句中的一部分或整个句子，有时可以互换，但是，当非限制性 定语从句放在主句前面时，只能用 as,不能用 which。 As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. =It is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth once every month. =What is known to everybody is that the moon travels round the earth once every month. 2. 当 as 在从句中作主语时，后面常接动词的被动语态。如：be known, be said, be reported. be announced 等。如从句中行为动词是主动语态，一般用 which 作主语。 She has been absent again, as is expected. Tom has made rapid progress, which makes me very happy. 3. as 常用在 as (it) seems likely, as {it} often happens, as (it) was pointed out, as (it) was said earlier, as I remember (it),as I understand (it), as (it) appears 等结构中。 Jack has won the first prize, as it often happen. (像往常一样) As is pointed out, this is grammar problem. 4. 当非限制性定语从句的谓语是一个复合结构时，只能用 which Betty always tells a lie, which her parents find strange. 七、定语从句中的谓语动词与先行词保持一致 1. one of + 复数名词 + 关系代词 + 复数动词 The Great Wall is one of the world-famous buildings that have draw lots of visitors. 2. the (only) one of + 复数名词 + 关系代词 + 单数动词 The Great Wall is the only (one) of the buildings on the earth that is seen from the moon. 注意：not the only one of ...= only one of… Tom isn’t the only one of the boys who have passed the exam. 3. as/which 引导非限制性定从，修饰主句内容时，且作主语，从句的谓语动词用单数 Great changes have taken place in China, as is known to all. He has passed the collage entrance examination, which makes his parents quite happy. 八、几种较为复杂的定语从句 1． way 后面的定.语从句 The way that/ which/× he explained to us was quite simple. The way that/ in which/× he explained the sentence to us was not difficult to under