第 02 讲： 名校高中自主招生阅读理解单选 题  考点归纳、考前巩固、真题链接 说明: 名校高中自主招生系列，试题由名校老师精心撰稿，均有答案详细解析；部分试题有一定难度，供参考、选用。 阅读理解是考查学生综合能力的一个重要题型，主要考查考生对阅读材料的理解能力、对材料 中有效信息的捕捉能力等。 细节题 考查文章中有关事情发生的具体细节题目，如：时间、地点、人物、事件经过、方式、结果等； 推断类 方法点拨：此类题主要考查学生对文中某些词、句子或段落进行推理或根据句子的语气、文章 论调和倾向进行推断的能力。解答此类试题时，需注意以文章提供的事实和线索为依据，由已知推 及未知，遵循“词不离句，句不离段，段不离篇”的原则。常见的设题方式有： ◆What can you conclude (推断)from this passage? ◆We can infer(推断)from the passage that... 词汇猜测类 方法点拨：此类题主要考查学生对某个“单词、短语或句子”在特定语言环境下具体含义的理解 。 解答此类题，可采用以下五类猜词技巧：①利用构词法；②利用同义词、近义词、反义词；③利用 定义和解释猜词；④利用例证猜词；⑤根据生活常识猜词。另外，采用“代入法”也十分有效，即： 将备选答案逐一带入文中，哪个使句子通顺、连贯，且与上下文语境符合，即为正确答案。 标题归纳类 方法点拨：此类题主要考查学生对文章主题或中心思想的领会和理解能力。解答此类试题时， 需注意以下五点：①以原文为依据，不掺杂个人意见；②注意绝对化的词，选最适合本篇文章的； ③答案避免以点带面，以偏概全；④文章没提到的，不要妄自猜测，一切以文章内容为准。因此， 所选的标题一般须符合三个标准：概括性、有针对性、醒目性。 另外，山西中考阅读理解(一)还会从“词汇猜测、标题归纳、主旨大意”角度进行命题，针对这 三种命题角度，考生也可采用以下技巧进行解答： 主旨大意题 方法点拨：此类题主要考查考生对文章主题或中心思想的领会和理解能力。寻找主题句往往是 做好此类题的关键。在解答此类题目时，不能只凭文中的只言片语而断章取义，涉及文章的标题 (title)、主题(main idea)、结论(conclusion)等有关问题，都需要在细读全文的基础上，结合所学知识 进行逻辑推理、判断，从而获取文章中的内在信息。常见的设题方式有： ◆What's the main idea of the passage? ◆What does the text /passage mainly tell us? 解答选择型阅读理解题，可以大概分为三个步骤，具体如下： 一、快速阅读短文 先读题，明确题目要求，然后带着问题去读文章，这种方法称为寻读。快速阅读一遍全文，弄 清段落大意，对全文有一个整体了解，阅读时从宏观入手，掌握中心意思，注意哪些是用以说明中 心意思的主要事实和细节，抓住关键词，弄清作者的写作目的及意图。如遇到生词，应先跳过，继 续阅读全文，切忌长时间猜测生词的意思，因为有些生词并不影响对全文的理解，还有一些词可以 通过上下文推测出其含义。 二、认真逐题作答 阅读完短文后，对整篇短文的内容有了大致的了解，然后再看文章后的问题，如果属于客观事 实题，可直接在短文中找到答案。如果是主观判断题，则应再次迅速通读全文，仔细分析思考。 三、仔细检查答案 做完所有题目后，再读一遍短文，逐一检查所有答案是否有误。如果有不太确定的答案，不要 随意更改。一定要从原文中找到依据，方可更正。 A （说明文） We usually think of pollution as a harmful waste substance that threatens the air and water. But some people have become concerned about another kind of pollution. It can be everywhere, depending on the time of the day. And it is not thought of as a substance. It is light. The idea of light pollution has developed with the increase of lights in cities. In many areas, this light makes it difficult or impossible to observe stars and planets in the night sky. In 1988, the International Dark-Sky Association formed. This organization wants to reduce light pollution in the night sky. It also urges the effective use of electric lighting. There are a number of reasons why light pollution is important. One has become clear at the Mount Wilson Observatory near Los Angeles, California. Mount Wilson Observatory was home to the largest telescopes in the world during the first half of the Nineteen Hundreds. During that period, Los Angeles grew to become one of America’s biggest cities. Today, light from Los Angeles makes the night sky above Mount Wilson very bright. It is no longer an important research centre because of light pollution. Light pollution threatens to reduce the scientific value of research telescopes in other important observatories. They include Lick Observatory near San Jose, California and Yerkes Observatory near Chicago, Illinois. Light pollution is the result of wasted energy. Bright light that shines into the sky is not being used to provide light where it is needed on Earth. Poorly designed lighting causes a great deal of light pollution. Lights that are brighter than necessary also cause light pollution. Objects in the night sky are resources that provide everyone with wonder. But light pollution threatens to prevent those wonderful sights from being seen. 1. In the passage the main concern of the writer is that ______. A. too much energy is wasted as a result of the use of light B. Americans will no longer enjoy the beautiful sight of the solar system C. light pollution in North America is more serious than that in other areas D. it becomes more difficult to observe stars and planets in the night sky as a result of light pollution 2. The main purpose of the International Dark-Sky Association is to ______. A. make the night sky bright and pretty B. stop the use of electric lighting C. prevent the overuse of electric lighting D. observe stars and planets through a telescope 3. One of the reasons why reducing light pollution is important is that ______. A. the telescope in all the observatories will not be effective at all due to light pollution B. light pollution threatens to reduce the scientific value of research in some important research centres C. it is possible that the world map will be unclear at last D. the light needed on Earth isn’t made good use of 4. How many observatories are mentioned in the passage? A. 3. 【答案】 DCBA 【解析】 B. 4. C. 5. D. 6. 1. D。本文主要讲了一种特殊的污染——灯光，它使得在许多地区的晚上观察星星很难或不可能。 2. C。根据第二段最后两句可知。 3. B。根据倒数第二