定语从句（1）关系代词的用法 — 单元语法精讲 1.定语从句的定义: 在复合句中修饰或限定主句中某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句,它所修饰的名词或 代词叫作先行词。限制性定语从句与先行词之间的关系非常密切，从句说明先行词的性质 身份、特征等状况。限制性定语从句不能被省略,否则句意就不完整。引导定语从句的关系 词包括关系代词和关系副词。 2.关系词的作用:① 连接主句和从句; ② 指代先行词; ③ 在从句中充当句子成分。 3.关系词的分类:① 关系代词:that, which, who, whom , whose, as; ② 关系副词: when, where, why。 关系代词的用法如下表： 关系代词 先行词 在从句中所作的成分 that 人，物 主语、宾语 which 物 主语、宾语 who 人 主语、宾语 whom 人 宾语 whose 人，物 定语 as 人，物 主语、宾语 例： This is the best film (that) I have ever seen for years. 这是几年来我看过的最好的一部电影。(that 在从句中作宾语). The river which runs through the center of the city brings us lots of pleasure. 流经市中心的那条河给我们带来了很多欢乐。(which 在从句中作主语) The girl who spoke is my best friend. 讲话的那个女孩是我最好的朋友。(who 在从句中作主语) I have many friends to whom I am going to send postcards. 我有很多朋友,我要给他们寄明信片。(whom 在从句中作宾语) I'd like a room whose window looks out over the sea. =I'd like a room of which the window looks out over the sea.我想要一个窗户朝向大海的房间。(whose 在定语从句中作 window 的定语) As everybody knows, Shakespeare was a famous writer. 众所周知,莎士比亚是一位著名的作家。(as 在从句中作宾语) 4. 宜用 that 不用 which 的情况 （1）当先行词是 all, much, anything, something, everything, nothing, little, none 等不定代词时 例： I refuse to accept the blame for something that was someone else’s fault. As a grassroots singer, she reads everything that she can get hold of concerning music. (2) 当先行词被 all, no, few, any, little, some, much, last, only, very 等修饰时。 例： Please send us all the information that you have about the candidates for the position. Tom is the only foreigner that I know. (3) 当先行词为序数词或被序数词修饰，或先行词被形容词最高级修饰时 例： This is the most exciting basketball game that I have ever seen. The first place that we visited in China is the Great Wall. (4) 当先行词既有人又有物时 例： I still remember the persons and the sceneries that I saw in that small village. (5) 当先行词在主句中作表语，且关系代词本身在定语从句中也做表语时，此时句子一般带 有类比含义。 例： He is no longer the star that he was. Our school is no longer the place that it used to be. 5. 用 which 不用 that 的情况 （1）引导非限制性定语从句时。 例： The library provides all kinds of books, which makes our life colorful. (2) 在定语从句中作介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词之前时 例：I am looking for a box in which I can put all these books. 6. 定语从句中的主谓一致 一般情况下，关系代词在从句中作主语时，定语从句谓语动词的人称和数一般与先行词的 人称和数保持一致。 例：The books that were sold out in two weeks were all written by Tom. I’m fond of the piece of music which was played by Lucy. 要点提示： one of the +可数名词复数+定语从句结构中，定语从句的谓语动词用复数形式，而在 the only/very/right one of the +可数名词复数+定语从句结构中，定语从句的谓语动词用单数形 式。 例： He is one of the students who were awarded the prize. Barbara is easy to recognize as she’s the only one of the women who wears evening dress. 【能力检测】 一、用适当的关系代词填空 1. How medicine works in a human body is a question _______ not everyone can understand fully. 2. He was the only one of the boys _______ was late for class. 3. Please go through the text and underline the words _______ meanings you don't know. 4.—Do you know everybody _______ came to the party? —No. I don't know the one _______ you had a long talk with. 5. I have seen most of the greatest buildings in the world _______ are famous on the Internet. 6. We'll reach the sales targets in a month _______ we set at the beginning of the year. 7. The writer and his novel _______ you have just talked about are really well-known. 8. This novel is popular with those _______ were born in the 1980s. 9. There is no success without hard work ; success is something _______ is only earned after much labor. 10.She is the teacher from _______ I have borrowed this dictionary. 11. According to the new plan，students can choose the teacher _______ class they wish to take. 12.He spent his Sunday afternoon in the library _______ was built of stone. 13. The thought of going back home was all_______ kept him happy while he was working abroad. 14.The book tells stories of the earthquake through the eyes of those _______ lives were affected. 15.Luckily, we'd brought a map without _______ we would have lost our way. 【答案】 1. which/that 2. who 6. that/which 7. that 3. whose 4. who; who/whom 8.who 9. that 10. whom 12. that/which 13. that 14. whose 5. that 11. whose 15. which 二、用关系代词引导的定语从句合并下列句子 1. I have a friend. He likes listening to classical music. ____________________________________________________ 2.Last week Mary wore the dress. I gave it to her. _____________________________________________________ 3.They live in a room. Its window faces south. _____________________________________________________ 4.She wants to visit the village. Her mother likes it best. __________________________________