2020 年暑假新高一英语知识点衔接增分高效练 18 英语能力篇 ·阅读理解（推理判断类） 推理判断题主要考查学生根据文章的字面意思，通过语篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者的态 度，理解文章的寓意等。推理判断题属于主观性较强的高层次阅读理解题。做这类题时，考生应在理解全 文的基础上，从文章本身所提供的信息出发，运用逻辑思维，同时借助一定的常识进行分析、推理、判断。 提问整篇文章或某句某段的含蓄意思时，问句中都含有 infer, imply, indicate, suggest (推断，暗指)等词。 对付这类题时我们不仅要弄懂文章字面的意思，更重要的是要知道文章潜在的含义，和作者所给的提示。 同时要对文章的含义和作者的暗示作合理的猜测和推论。关键是：意思要靠推断得出，而不是原文照搬。 这就要把握住文章的主题思想和每段的内容；明确作者的观点及其写作该文的目的；分析文章里所给的有 关信息；注意词汇在词典的定义和词典以外的含义；最后运用自己的知识进行由表及里的逻辑推理，挖出 文章的伏笔，得出正确的推论。 这种问题的提问方式通常有： 1. From paragraph 4 we can infer that. / What can be inferred from the passage? / From the last paragraph we can infer that. 2. We can infer from the text that…/ What can we learn from…? / We can conclude from the passage that… 3. The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that. 4. The author implies that by the year 2080, . 5. To solve the present social problems the author suggests that we should. 6. The author mentions the fact that…to show. 7. This passage would most likely be found in _________? 8. The author’s attitude toward …is _________? 9. The tone of the passage can best be described as _________? 这些提问方式的答案一般在短文中不可能直接找到，必须根据提问中的某些关键字眼与短文中相应的 有关内容加以逻辑推理或演算，从而得出某些作者并未说明却已在字里行间所暗含的意思及观点。具体的 说，考生应当注意以下几点： 1. 首先要注意一定要忠实于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据。立足已知，推断未知，遵循 “词 不离句，句不离段，段不离篇”的原则。千万不能主观臆想，凭空想象，随意揣测，更不能以自己的观点 代替作者的观点。 2. 要吃透文章的字面意思，从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索，这是推理的前提和基础。有的推断， 考生完全可以根据文章中所阐述的细节，再结合自己所掌握的基础知识、有关背景知识或常识来帮助进行 分析、推敲，从而得出符合文章原意的结论。 3. 要对文字的表面信息进行挖掘加工，由表及里，由浅入深，从具体到抽象，从特殊到一般，通过分 析、综合、判断等，进行深层处理，合乎逻辑地推理。不能就事论事，断章取义，以偏概全。 4. 要把握句、段之间的逻辑关系，了解语篇的结构，同时还要体会文章的基调，揣摩作者的态度，摸 准逻辑发展方向，悟出作者的言外之意。 5. 在解答推理性问题时，一定要注意确定推理依据的位置或范围。应清楚所要解答的问题需要针对某 个细节进行推断，还是针对主题思想、作者的意图进行推断。针对细节的推断可运用 scanning 的方法，迅 速在材料中确定推理依据的位置或范围，然后再进行推理判断。针对主题思想作推断时，则常常要纵览全 篇文章。 1 Once there was a relative who offered a man and his three sons two baskets of peaches(桃子). One basket of peaches were just ripe(成熟) while the other were already overripe and would go bad at once. The father asked, “Which way of eating can avoid wasting a peach?” The eldest son said, “Of course, we should eat those overripe, for they can’t be kept for three days.” “But after you eat up those, the peaches in the other basket will go bad!”Certainly, the father was not satisfied with the eldest son’s advice. The second son thought for a while and said “We should eat the peaches just ripe. Choose the good ones!” “If so, won't the overripe peaches be wasted? Don’t you think it pity?” The father turned to the youngest son, “What good idea do you have?” “I feel,” thinking for a while, the youngest son said, “we’d better mix them together, give some of them to the neighbors, and let them help us eat, so that we won’t waste a peach at all.” Hearing this, the father nodded and said with a smile, “OK. It is really a good way. Then let’s do it by your way.” 1.Who offered them two baskets of peaches? A.A boss B.A friend. C.A relative. D.A neighbor. 2.The father asked his sons a question about how to _______. A.avoid wasting a peach B.sell the peaches C.eat the overripe peaches D.send the ripe peaches 3.Which was the eldest son’s idea? A.Eating them up. B.Eating those ripe peaches first. C.Giving some to the neighbors. D.Eating those overripe peaches first. 4.Why did the father nod and smile at last? A.He felt sad. B.He felt worried. C.He was satisfied. D.He was disappointed. 2 Earthquakes are something that people fear. There are some places that have few or no earthquakes. Most places in the world, however, have them regularly ( 有规律地). Countries that have a lot of earthquakes are usually quite mountainous. The most-talked-about earthquake in the United States was in San Francisco in 1906. Over 700 people died in it. The strongest one in North America was in 1964. It happened in Alaska. Strong earthquakes are not always the ones that kill the most people. In 1755, one of the strongest earthquakes ever recorded was felt in Portugal. Around 2，000 people died. In 1923, a very strong earthquake hit Tokyo, the Yokohama area of Japan. A hundred and forty thousand people died. Most of them died in fires which followed the earthquake. One of the worst earthquakes ever was in China in 1976. It killed a large number of people. The worst earthquake ever recorded was also in China, in which about 80，000 people were killed or injured. This earthquake happened in 2008. Earthquakes worry people a lot. The reason is that we often do not know when they are coming. People can't prepare for them. 5.Earthquakes happen ___