牛津译林八年级下被动语态学案 被动语态 一、被动语态的构成及用法 被动语态的基本结构为：be + 动词的过去分词 各种时态的主动、被动语态结构（以动词 do 为例）列表如下： 时态 主动语态 被动语态 一般现在时 do/does am/is/are + done 一般过去时 did was/were + done 现在进行时 am/is/are + doing am/is/are + being done 现在完成时 have/has + done have/has + been done 一般将来时 will/shall/be going to + do will/shall/be going to + be done 过去进行时 was/were + doing was/were + being done 含有情态动词 can/may/must + do can/may/must + be done 被动语态中主语是动作的承受者，主要用于下列几种情况： 1.不知道动作的执行者是谁 The window was broken yesterday. 窗户昨天被打坏了。 2.没有必要指出动作的执行者是谁。 Many tall buildings are built in our city every year. 每年在我们的城市会修建许多高楼。 3.需要强调或突出动作的承受者。 English is taught in our school. 我们学校教授英语。 4.动作的发出者不是人。 Most of the houses were destroyed in the earthquake. 在地震中许多房屋被毁坏。 二、主动语态和被动语态的转换 （一）主动语态变被动语态 1.要将主动句里的宾语成分变为被动句中的主语成分，若主动句中的宾语是人称代词，要 将宾格变为主格。 2.把主动句中的主语变为被动句中的宾语，主格代词变为宾格代词，并由 by 引导。 3.谓语动词变成相应的被动形式。 We asked him to sing an English song. 我们要他唱一首英语歌曲。 He was asked to sing an English song by us. 他被我们要求唱一首英语歌曲。 （二）带双宾语的谓语动词变被动语态 谓语动词带双宾语时，既可以将间接宾语转化成主语，也可将直接宾语转化成主语。若将 间接宾语转化成主语，则保留直接宾语；若将直接宾语转化为主语，则保留间接宾语，且 在被保留的间接宾语前加上介词 to 或 for。 He gave me a book.(主动句） I was given a book.（间接宾语 me 改为主语） A book was given to me.(直接宾语 a book 改为主语） （三）动词短语变为被动语态收款 许多由不及物动词和其他词构成的动词短语，相当于及物动词，可以有宾语，也可以有被 动语态。 注意：动词短语是一个不可分割的整体，在变为被动语态时，不可丢掉构成动词短语的介 词或副词 We should take good care of the children. 我们应该照料好孩子们。 The children should be taken god care of. 孩子们应该被照料好。（of 不可省略） （四）带复合宾语的动词变为被动语态 宾语加上宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。变被动语态时，只把宾语变为被动句的主语，宾 语补足语保留在原处，成为主语补足语 I saw some boys playing football in the playground. 我看到一些男孩在操场上踢足球。 Some boys were seen playing football in the playground. 一些男孩被看见在操场上踢足球。 （五）被动语态后动词形式的选择 主动句中的感官动词 see,hear,watch,feel,notice 等以及使役动词 let，make,have 等， 后跟省略 to 的不定式作宾补，变为被动句时，应加上不定式符号 to。 The boss made the workers work twelve hours a day. 那个老板迫使工人们每天工作 12 小时。 The workers were made to work twelve hours a day by the boss. 工人们被老板强迫每天工作 12 小时。 We often hear the girl sing in her room in the evening. 我们经常听到那个女孩晚上在她的房间唱歌。 The girl is often heard to sing in her room in the evening. 那个女孩晚上经常被听到在她的房间唱歌。 三、主动结构表示被动意义 1.open, lock, write, read, sell, clean, wash, cut, burn, drive 等词作不及物动词时， 它们的主语为物，可用主动语态表示被动意义，说明主语的性质特征。 This kind of pens writes very smoothly. 这种钢笔写起来很流畅。 This kind of shirts sells well here. 这种样式的衬衫在这里卖得很好。 2.look，sound,taste,smell 等系动词用主动形式表示被动意义 School uniforms look good on us.我们穿着校服很好看。 The cake smells delicious.这个蛋糕闻起来很香。 3.be worth doing 用主动形式表示被动意义。 This film is worth seeing.这部电影值得一看。 want/need/require+doing, 当句子的主语为这三个动词逻辑上的宾语时，采用此结构， 相当于 want/need/require+to be done。to be done 是不定式的被动结构。 My bike needs repairing.=My bike needs to be repaired. 我的自行车需要修理。 注意：当句子的主语为 want/need/require 的逻辑主语时，用动词不定式的主动形式。 I need to look after my mother.我需要照顾我的妈妈。 四、不用被动语态的情况 1.主动句的宾语是 each other 或反身代词时，不能用被动语态 The man introduced himself as Mr.White.(主动语态） 那个人自我介绍说他是怀特先生。 Himself was introduced as Mr.White.(误） They help each other study English.(主动语态） 他们互相帮助学习英语。 Each other is helped to study English.(误） 2.主动句的宾语是不定式或 doing 时，该宾语不能作被动语态的主语。 My mother enjoys watching TV.(主动语态） 我妈妈喜欢看电视。 Watching TV is enjoyed by my mother.(误） He asked to have a try.(主动语态） 他请求试一下。 To have a try was asked.(误） 【例题精讲】 ( ) 1 The People's Republic of China ___ on October 1, 1949. 　　A. found B. was founded C. is founded D. was found C. is speaking D. is spoken ( ) 2 English ____ in Canada. 　　A.speaks B.are spoken ( ) 3 This English song___ by the girls after class. 　　A. often sings B. often sang C. is often sang D. is often sung ( ) 4 This kind of car ___ in Japan. 　　A, makes B. made C. is making D. is made ( ) 5 New computers ___ all over the world. 　　A. is used B. are using C. are used D. have used ( ) 6 Our room must ___ clean. 　　A. keep B. be kept C. to be kept D. to keep ( )7 -I'd like to buy that coat. -I'm sorry. ___. 　　A. it sold B. it's selling C. It's been sold D. it had been sold ( ) 8 A new house ___ at the corner of the road. 　　A. is building B. is being built C. been built D. be building ( ) 9 The key ___ on the table when I leave. 　　A. was left B. will be left C. is left D. has been left ( ) 10 Doctors ___ in every part of the world. 　　A. need B. are needing C. are needed D. will need 答案：1-5 BDDDC， 6-10 BCBBC 【课堂练习】 ( ) 1His new book___ next month. 　　A. will be published B. is publishing C. is being published D. has been published ( ) 2 Japanese ___ in every country. 　　A. is not spoken B. are spoken C. is speaking D. is not