Unit1 Back to school 1.2 Grammar： 句子成分和句子结构 一．句子成分 句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有 主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。 1. 主语 主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在 there be 结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和 倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词 化的形容词和主语从句等表示。 指出下列句子中的主语及它的性质： ①During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. ②often speak English in class. ③One-third of the students in this class are girls. ④To swim in the river is a great pleasure. ⑤Smoking does harm to the health. ⑥The rich should help the poor. ⑦When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. 【答案】① country music （名词） ② We （代词） ③ One-third （数词） ④ To swim （不定式） ⑤ Smoking （动名词） ⑥ The rich （名词化的形容词） ⑦ When we are going to have an English test （主语从句） 2．谓语 谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成 如下： 1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如： He practices running every morning. 2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如： You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系动词加表语构成。如：We are students. 3. 表语 表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如 be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem 等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句 表示。 指出下列句子中的表语及它的性质： ①Our teacher of English is an American. ②Is it yours? ③The weather has turned cold. ④The speech is exciting. ⑤Three times seven is twenty one? ⑥His job is to teach English. ⑦His hobby（爱好）is playing football. ⑧The machine must be out of order. ⑨Time is up. The class is over. ⑩The truth is that he has never been abroad. 【答案】① American （名词） ② yours （代词） ③ cold. （形容词） ④ exciting （分词） ⑤ twenty one exciting （数词） ⑥ to teach English（不定式） ⑦ playing football（动名词） ⑧ out of order（介词短语） ⑨ up/ over.（副词） ⑩ that he has never been abroad（表语从句） 4. 宾语 宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。 指出下列句子中的宾语及它的性质： ①They went to see an exhibition（展览）yesterday. ②The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time. ③How many dictionaries do you have? I have five. ④They helped the old with their housework yesterday. ⑤He pretended not to see me. ⑥I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语） ⑦I think（that） he is fit for his office.（宾语从句） 【答案】① exhibition （名词） ② me （代词） ③ five （数词） ④ the old （名词化形容词） ⑤ not to see me （不定式短语） ⑥ listening to popular music （动名词短语） ⑦ listening to popular music（宾语从句） 宾语种类 ：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）， 例如：Lend me your dictionary, please. （2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补）， 例如：They elected him their monitor. 5. 宾语补足语 英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有 宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如 make 等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不 定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。 指出下列句子中的宾补及它的性质： ①His father named him Dongming. ②They painted their boat white. ③Let the fresh air in. ④You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you. ⑤We saw her entering the room. ⑥We found everything in the lab in good order. ⑦We will soon make our city what your city is now. 【答案】① Dongming （名词） ② white （形容词） ③ in（副词）） ④to lend his money to you（不定式短语） ⑤ entering the room（现在分词） ⑥in good order（介词短语） ⑦ what your city is now（从句） 6. 定语 修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。 指出下列句子中的定语及它的性质： ①Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词） ②China is a developing country; America is a developed country. ③There are thirty women teachers is our school. ④His rapid progress in English made us surprised. ⑤Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom. ⑥The teaching plan for next term has been worked out. ⑦He is reading an article about how to learn English. 【答案】① beautiful（形容词） ② developing/ developed （代词） ③ women （名词） ④His （代词） ⑤ to enter the classroom （不定式短语） ⑥ teaching （动名词） ⑦about how to learn English.（介词短语） 7. 状语： 修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表 示： Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组） He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语） He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短语） He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语） Wait a minute.（名词） Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句） 指出下列句子中的状语以及其种类: ①How about meeting again at six?（时间状语） ②Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语） ③I shall go there if it doesn’t rain.（条件状语） ④Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语） ⑤She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语） ⑥She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语） ⑦In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的状语） ⑧He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语） ⑨She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语） ⑩I am taller than he is.（比较状语） 【答案】① at six（时间状语） ② because of the rain（原因状语） ③ if it doesn’t rain（条件状语） ④on the third floor（地点状语） ⑤ with great care（方式状语） ⑥ with a dictionary in her hand.（伴 随状语） ⑦ In order to catch up with the others（目的状语） ⑧he fe